This study proposes an OPF model that has three different sources of renewable energy: wind, solar, and combined solar and small-hydro sources in addition to the conventional thermal power. One of these challenges is the complexity of solving the optimal power flow (OPF) problem in existing RESs. However, because of their stochastic nature, most RESs pose some operational and planning challenges to power systems. In recent years, more efforts have been exerted to increase the level of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the energy mix in many countries to mitigate the dangerous effects of greenhouse gases emissions.
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